AI-Driven Sustainability: How Innovation, Green Taxes, and Financial Access Shape the Nordic Region’s Environmental Capacity

Authors

https://doi.org/10.48313/iee.v1i1.45

Abstract

This study examines how artificial intelligence innovation, environmental tax, financial accessibility, and urbanization influence environmental sustainability in the Nordic region within the framework of the Load Capacity Curve hypothesis. The analysis uses annual data from 1990 to 2020 and begins with tests for cross sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity to capture structural characteristics across the selected economies. First generation and second generation unit root tests confirm that the variables are free from stationarity concerns, while panel cointegration results establish a stable long term association among them. The study then applies the Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach to evaluate both short term and long term relationships between income, technological progress, fiscal factors, financial structures, and the load capacity factor. The findings validate the Load Capacity Curve hypothesis in the Nordic region by identifying a U shaped relationship between income and ecological capacity. Artificial intelligence innovation and environmental tax show positive contributions to environmental quality in both periods. In contrast, financial accessibility and urbanization exhibit negative effects on the load capacity factor. Evidence from the Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality test indicates one way causality running from income and artificial intelligence innovation toward the load capacity factor, while financial accessibility and urbanization demonstrate two way causal interactions. The study offers policy relevant insights for strengthening environmental sustainability in advanced economies.

Keywords:

Artificial intelligence, Environmental tax, Financial accessibility, Load capacity factor, Nordic region

References

  1. [1] Raihan, A., Bala, S., Akther, A., Ridwan, M., Eleais, M., & Chakma, P. (2024). Advancing environmental sustainability in the G-7: The impact of the digital economy, technological innovation, and financial accessibility using panel ARDL approach. Journal of economy and technology, In Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ject.2024.06.001
  2. [2] Ahmad, M., Jiang, P., Majeed, A., Umar, M., Khan, Z., & Muhammad, S. (2020). The dynamic impact of natural resources, technological innovations and economic growth on ecological footprint: An advanced panel data estimation. Resources policy, 69, 101817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101817
  3. [3] Alola, A. A., Akadiri, S. Saint, & Usman, O. (2021). Domestic material consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the EU-28 countries: Implications for environmental sustainability targets. Sustainable development, 29(2), 388–397. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2154
  4. [4] Khan, Z., Ali, S., Umar, M., Kirikkaleli, D., & Jiao, Z. (2020). Consumption-based carbon emissions and International trade in G7 countries: The role of Environmental innovation and Renewable energy. Science of the total environment, 730, 138945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138945
  5. [5] Apergis, N., Degirmenci, T., & Aydin, M. (2023). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, energy technology investment, green technological innovation, and environmental sustainability in the United States: Testing the EKC and LCC hypotheses with novel fourier estimation. Environmental science and pollution research, 30(60), 125570–125584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30901-1
  6. [6] Asongu, S. A., Agboola, M. O., Alola, A. A., & Bekun, F. V. (2020). The criticality of growth, urbanization, electricity and fossil fuel consumption to environment sustainability in Africa. Science of the total environment, 712, 136376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136376
  7. [7] Koyuncu, T., Beşer, M. K., & Alola, A. A. (2021). Environmental sustainability statement of economic regimes with energy intensity and urbanization in Turkey: A threshold regression approach. Environmental science and pollution research, 28(31), 42533–42546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13686-z
  8. [8] Wanof, M. I. (2023). Digital technology innovation in improving financial access for low-income communities. Technology and society perspectives (TACIT), 1(1), 26–34. https://doi.org/10.61100/tacit.v1i1.35
  9. [9] Akhter, A., Al Shiam, S. A., Ridwan, M., Abir, S. I., Shoha, S., Nayeem, M. B., & Bibi, R. (2024). Assessing the impact of private investment in AI and financial globalization on load capacity factor: evidence from United States. Journal of environmental science and economics, 3(3), 99–127. https://doi.org/10.56556/jescae.v3i3.977
  10. [10] Baral, S. (2024). Exploring impact of climate change and environmental toxins on human health and lifestyle in Nordic Countries. http://hh.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:1869103
  11. [11] Akther, A., Tahrim, F., Voumik, L. C., Esquivias, M. A., & Pattak, D. C. (2025). Municipal solid waste dynamics: Economic, environmental, and technological determinants in Europe. Cleaner engineering and technology, 24, 100877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2024.100877
  12. [12] Anker, P. (2018). A pioneer country? A history of Norwegian climate politics. Climatic change, 151(1), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1653-x
  13. [13] Zakeri, B., Paulavets, K., Barreto-Gomez, L., Echeverri, L. G., Pachauri, S., Boza-Kiss, B. (2022). Pandemic, war, and global energy transitions. Energies, 15(17), 6114. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176114
  14. [14] Polcyn, J., Voumik, L. C., Ridwan, M., Ray, S., & Vovk, V. (2023). Evaluating the influences of health expenditure, energy consumption, and environmental pollution on life expectancy in Asia. International journal of environmental research and public health, 20(5), 4000. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054000
  15. [15] He, P., Chen, L., Zou, X., Li, S., Shen, H., & Jian, J. (2019). Energy Taxes, Carbon Dioxide emissions, energy consumption and economic consequences: A comparative study of Nordic and G7 countries. Sustainability, 11(21), 6100. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216100
  16. [16] Ridwan, M., Akther, A., Dhar, B. K., Roshid, M. M., Mahjabin, T., Bala, S., & Hossain, H. (2025). Advancing circular economy for climate change mitigation and sustainable development in the Nordic Region. Sustainable development, 33(1), 225–244. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3563
  17. [17] Owusu, S. M., Chuanbo, F., & Qiao, H. (2024). Examining economic policy uncertainty’s impact on environmental sustainability: Insights from nordic nations. Journal of cleaner production, 449, 141688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141688
  18. [18] OECD. (2019). Statistics Stats Database.
  19. [19] Carlini, F., Christensen, B. J., Datta Gupta, N., & Santucci de Magistris, P. (2023). Climate, wind energy, and CO2 emissions from energy production in Denmark. Energy economics, 125, 106821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.106821
  20. [20] M, W., & J, K. (2008). Ecological Footprint. In Jorgensen se, fath bd (eds) encyclopedia of ecology, 3 (pp. 1031–1037). Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherland. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008045405-4.00620-0
  21. [21] Caglar, A. E., Daştan, M., Mehmood, U., & Avci, S. B. (2024). Assessing the connection between competitive industrial performance on load capacity factor within the LCC framework: Implications for sustainable policy in BRICS economies. Environmental science and pollution research, 31(60), 67197–67214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29178-1
  22. [22] Siche, R., Pereira, L., Agostinho, F., & Ortega, E. (2010). Convergence of ecological footprint and emergy analysis as a sustainability indicator of countries: Peru as case study. Communications in nonlinear science and numerical simulation, 15(10), 3182–3192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2009.10.027
  23. [23] Akhayere, E., Kartal, M. T., Adebayo, T. S., & Kavaz, D. (2023). Role of energy consumption and trade openness towards environmental sustainability in Turkey. Environmental science and pollution research, 30(8), 21156–21168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23639-9
  24. [24] Raihan, A., Tanchangya, T., Rahman, J., Ridwan, M., & Ahmad, S. (2022). The influence of information and communication technologies, renewable energies and urbanization toward environmental sustainability in China. Journal of environmental and energy economics, 1(1), 11–23. https://doi.org/10.56946/jeee.v1i1.351
  25. [25] Sharif, A., Kartal, M. T., Bekun, F. V., Pata, U. K., Foon, C. L., & Kılıç Depren, S. (2023). Role of green technology, environmental taxes, and green energy towards sustainable environment: Insights from sovereign Nordic countries by CS-ARDL approach. Gondwana research, 117, 194–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.01.009
  26. [26] Depren, Ö., Kartal, M. T., Ayhan, F., & Kılıç Depren, S. (2023). Heterogeneous impact of environmental taxes on environmental quality: Tax domain based evidence from the nordic countries by nonparametric quantile approaches. Journal of environmental management, 329, 117031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117031
  27. [27] Ridwan, M., Urbee, A. J., Voumik, L. C., Das, M. K., Rashid, M., & Esquivias, M. A. (2024). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis with urbanization, industrialization, and service sector for six South Asian Countries: Fresh evidence from Driscoll Kraay standard error. Research in globalization, 8, 100223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2024.100223
  28. [28] Majava, A., Vadén, T., Toivanen, T., Järvensivu, P., Lähde, V., & Eronen, J. T. (2022). Sectoral low-carbon roadmaps and the role of forest biomass in Finland’s carbon neutrality 2035 target. Energy strategy reviews, 41, 100836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.100836
  29. [29] Ridwan, M., Aspy, N. N., Bala, S., Hossain, M. E., Akther, A., Eleais, M., & Esquivias, M. A. (2024). Determinants of environmental sustainability in the United States: analyzing the role of financial development and stock market capitalization using LCC framework. Discover sustainability, 5(1), 319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-024-00539-1
  30. [30] Baltagi, B. H., Kao, C., & Peng, B. (2016). Testing cross-sectional correlation in large panel data models with serial correlation. Econometrics, 4(4), 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/econometrics4040044
  31. [31] Ridwan, M., Akther, A., Tamim, M. A., Ridzuan, A. R., Esquivias, M. A., & Wibowo, W. (2024). Environmental health in BIMSTEC: The roles of forestry, urbanization, and financial access using LCC theory, DKSE, and quantile regression. Discover sustainability, 5(1), 429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-024-00679-4
  32. [32] Malka, L., Bidaj, F., Kuriqi, A., Jaku, A., Roçi, R., & Gebremedhin, A. (2023). Energy system analysis with a focus on future energy demand projections: The case of Norway. Energy, 272, 127107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.127107
  33. [33] Khan, S. U., Khan, I., Zhao, M., Chien, H., Lu, Q., Ali, M. A. S., … & Fahad, S. (2019). Spatial heterogeneity of ecosystem services: A distance decay approach to quantify willingness to pay for improvements in Heihe River Basin ecosystems. Environmental science and pollution research, 26(24), 25247–25261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05691-0
  34. [34] Latif, N., & Faridi, M. Z. (2023). Examining the impact of financial development on load capacity factor (LCF): System GMM analysis for Asian economies. Frontiers in energy research, 10, 1063212. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.1063212
  35. [35] Caglar, A. E., & Askin, B. E. (2023). A path towards green revolution: How do competitive industrial performance and renewable energy consumption influence environmental quality indicators? Renewable energy, 205, 273–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.01.080
  36. [36] Akadiri, S. Saint, Adebayo, T. S., Riti, J. S., Awosusi, A. A., & Inusa, E. M. (2022). The effect of financial globalization and natural resource rent on load capacity factor in India: An analysis using the dual adjustment approach. Environmental science and pollution research, 29(59), 89045–89062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22012-0
  37. [37] Addai, K., Serener, B., & Kirikkaleli, D. (2023). Can environmental sustainability be decoupled from economic growth? Empirical evidence from Eastern Europe using the common correlated effect mean group test. Regional sustainability, 4(1), 68–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsus.2023.03.003
  38. [38] Shah, A. A., Hussain, M. S., Nawaz, M. A., & Iqbal, M. (2021). Nexus of renewable energy consumption, economic growth, population growth, FDI, and environmental degradation in south asian countries: New evidence from Driscoll-Kraay standard error approach. IRASD journal of economics, 3(2), 200–211. https://doi.org/10.52131/joe.2021.0302.0037
  39. [39] Olufolake, C. A., Osobase, A. O., Ohioze, W. F., Musa, S. O., & Ojo, T. J. (2023). Analysis of the impact of natural resources and globalization on environmental quality and economic growth: The study of SANE nations. Economics and policy of energy and the environment, 2022(2), 220–235. https://doi.org/10.3280/EFE2022-002010
  40. [40] Ridwan, M., Akther, A., Al Absy, M. S. M., Tahsin, M. S., Bin Ridzuan, A. R., Yagis, O., & Mukhta, K. P. (2024). The role of tourism, technological innovation, and globalization in driving energy demand in major tourist regions. International journal of energy economics and policy, 14(6), 675–689. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.17344.
  41. [41] Usman, O., Ozkan, O., Adeshola, I., & Eweade, B. S. (2025). Analysing the nexus between clean energy expansion, natural resource extraction, and load capacity factor in China: A step towards achieving COP27 targets. Environment, development and sustainability, 27(6), 12583–12604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-04399-z
  42. [42] Pattak, D. C., Tahrim, F., Salehi, M., Voumik, L. C., Akter, S., Ridwan, M., … & Zimon, G. (2023). The driving factors of Italy’s CO2 emissions based on the STIRPAT model: ARDL, FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR approaches. Energies, 16(15), 5845. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16155845
  43. [43] Ahmad, T., Zhang, D., Huang, C., Zhang, H., Dai, N., Song, Y., & Chen, H. (2021). Artificial intelligence in sustainable energy industry: Status Quo, challenges and opportunities. Journal of cleaner production, 289, 125834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125834
  44. [44] Wang, Q., Sun, T., & Li, R. (2023). Does artificial intelligence (AI) reduce ecological footprint? The role of globalization. Environmental science and pollution research, 30(59), 123948–123965. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31076-5
  45. [45] Vinuesa, R., Azizpour, H., Leite, I., Balaam, M., Dignum, V., Domisch, S., … & Fuso Nerini, F. (2020). The role of artificial intelligence in achieving the sustainable development goals. Nature communications, 11(1), 233. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-14108-y
  46. [46] Zhao, P., Gao, Y., & Sun, X. (2023). The impact of artificial intelligence on pollution emission intensity—evidence from China. Environmental science and pollution research, 30(39), 91173–91188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28866-2
  47. [47] Chen, P., Gao, J., Ji, Z., Liang, H., & Peng, Y. (2022). Do artificial intelligence applications affect carbon emission performance?—evidence from panel data analysis of Chinese cities. Energies, 15(15), 5730. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15155730
  48. [48] Al-Sharafi, M. A., Al-Emran, M., Arpaci, I., Iahad, N. A., AlQudah, A. A., Iranmanesh, M., & Al-Qaysi, N. (2023). Generation Z use of artificial intelligence products and its impact on environmental sustainability: A cross-cultural comparison. Computers in human behavior, 143, 107708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107708
  49. [49] Ali, U., Guo, Q., Nurgazina, Z., Sharif, A., Kartal, M. T., Kılıç Depren, S., & Khan, A. (2023). Heterogeneous impact of industrialization, foreign direct investments, and technological innovation on carbon emissions intensity: Evidence from Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Applied energy, 336, 120804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.120804
  50. [50] Esen, Ö., & Dündar, M. (2021). Do energy taxes reduce the carbon footprint? Evidence from Turkey. JOEEP: Journal of emerging economies and policy, 6(2), 179–186. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1945067
  51. [51] Bozatli, O., & Akca, H. (2024). Effectiveness of environmental protection expenditures and resource tax policy in the Netherland’s load capacity factor: Do government effectiveness and renewable energy matter? Evidence from Fourier augmented ARDL. Resources policy, 92, 105030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105030
  52. [52] Javed, A., Rapposelli, A., Khan, F., & Javed, A. (2023). The impact of green technology innovation, environmental taxes, and renewable energy consumption on ecological footprint in Italy: Fresh evidence from novel dynamic ARDL simulations. Technological forecasting and social change, 191, 122534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122534
  53. [53] Wang, Q., Sun, X., Xiong, H., Wang, Q., & Zhang, B. (2024). Environmental taxes, environmental outsourcing, and pollution abatement: Evidence from Chinese industrial sewage discharge enterprises. Energy economics, 133, 107480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2024.107480
  54. [54] Degirmenci, T., & Aydin, M. (2023). The effects of environmental taxes on environmental pollution and unemployment: A panel co-integration analysis on the validity of double dividend hypothesis for selected African countries. International journal of finance & economics, 28(3), 2231–2238. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.2505
  55. [55] Ahmad, S., Raihan, A., & Ridwan, M. (2024). Role of economy, technology, and renewable energy toward carbon neutrality in China. Journal of economy and technology, 2, 138–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ject.2024.04.008
  56. [56] Gharbi, I., Rahman, M. H., Muryani, M., Esquivias, M. A., & Ridwan, M. (2025). Exploring the influence of financial development, renewable energy, and tourism on environmental sustainability in Tunisia. Discover sustainability, 6(1), 127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-00896-5
  57. [57] Kurniawati, T., Rahmizal, M., Ridwan, M., Aspy, N. N., Mahjabin, T., Eleais, M., & Ridzuan, A. R. (2025). Reassessing the load capacity curve hypothesis in ASEAN-5: Exploring energy intensity, trade, and financial inclusion with advanced econometric techniques. International journal of energy economics and policy, 15(2), 195–208. 10.32479/ijeep.17328.
  58. [58] Zaidi, S. A. H., Zafar, M. W., Shahbaz, M., & Hou, F. (2019). Dynamic linkages between globalization, financial development and carbon emissions: Evidence from Asia Pacific Economic cooperation countries. Journal of cleaner production, 228, 533–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.210
  59. [59] Ogede, J. S., & Tiamiyu, H. O. (2023). Does financial inclusion moderate CO2 emissions in sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from panel data analysis. Studia universitatis vasile goldiș arad, seria științe economice, 33(3), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.2478/sues-2023-0012
  60. [60] Feng, J., Sun, Q., & Sohail, S. (2022). Financial inclusion and its influence on renewable energy consumption-environmental performance: the role of ICTs in China. Environmental science and pollution research, 29(35), 52724–52731. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1213954/v1
  61. [61] Shahbaz, M., Li, J., Dong, X., & Dong, K. (2022). How financial inclusion affects the collaborative reduction of pollutant and carbon emissions: The case of China. Energy economics, 107, 105847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.105847
  62. [62] Raihan, A., Ridwan, M., Zimon, G., Rahman, J., Tanchangya, T., Bari, A. B. M. M., … & Akter, R. (2025). Dynamic effects of foreign direct investment, globalization, economic growth, and energy consumption on carbon emissions in Mexico: An ARDL approach. Innovation and green development, 4(2), 100207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2025.100207
  63. [63] Dar, J. A., & Asif, M. (2018). Does financial development improve environmental quality in Turkey? An application of endogenous structural breaks based cointegration approach. Management of environmental quality: an international journal, 29(2), 368–384. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-02-2017-0021
  64. [64] Pata, U. K., & Tanriover, B. (2023). Is the load capacity curve hypothesis valid for the top ten tourism destinations? Sustainability, 15(2), 960. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15020960
  65. [65] Pata, U. K., & Ertugrul, H. M. (2023). Do the Kyoto Protocol, geopolitical risks, human capital and natural resources affect the sustainability limit? A new environmental approach based on the LCC hypothesis. Resources policy, 81, 103352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103352
  66. [66] Pesaran, M. H. (2015). Testing weak cross-sectional dependence in large panels. Econometric reviews, 34(6–10), 1089–1117. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2014.956623
  67. [67] Westerlund, J. (2005). New simple tests for panel cointegration. Econometric reviews, 24(3), 297–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474930500243019
  68. [68] Hashem Pesaran, M., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of econometrics, 142(1), 50–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010
  69. [69] Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of econometrics, 115(1), 53–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-7
  70. [70] Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of applied econometrics, 22(2), 265–312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951
  71. [71] Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  72. [72] Dumitrescu, E.-I., & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic modelling, 29(4), 1450–1460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.02.014
  73. [73] Rasheed, M. Q., Yuhuan, Z., Haseeb, A., Ahmed, Z., & Saud, S. (2024). Asymmetric relationship between competitive industrial performance, renewable energy, industrialization, and carbon footprint: Does artificial intelligence matter for environmental sustainability? Applied energy, 367, 123346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123346
  74. [74] Ulucak, R., Danish, & Kassouri, Y. (2020). An assessment of the environmental sustainability corridor: Investigating the non-linear effects of environmental taxation on CO2 emissions. Sustainable development, 28(4), 1010–1018. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2057
  75. [75] Chandra Voumik, L., Ridwan, M., Hasanur Rahman, M., & Raihan, A. (2023). An investigation into the primary causes of carbon dioxide releases in Kenya: Does renewable energy matter to reduce carbon emission? Renewable energy focus, 47, 100491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2023.100491
  76. [76] Kartal, M. T. (2024). Impact of environmental tax on ensuring environmental quality: Quantile-based evidence from G7 countries. Journal of cleaner production, 440, 140874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140874
  77. [77] Gálvez, R. A. T. (2024). Environmental taxation and sustainable development in digital pollution in México. Science, 5(2), 88–95. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sf.20240502.13
  78. [78] Malik, M. U., Rehman, Z. U., Sharif, A., & Anwar, A. (2024). Impact of transportation infrastructure and urbanization on environmental pollution: evidence from novel wavelet quantile correlation approach. Environmental science and pollution research, 31(2), 3014–3030. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31197-x

Downloads

Published

2025-03-04

Issue

Vol. 1 No. 1 (2026): Innovations in Environmental Economics (IEE)

Section

Articles

How to Cite

AI-Driven Sustainability: How Innovation, Green Taxes, and Financial Access Shape the Nordic Region’s Environmental Capacity. (2025). Innovations in Environmental Economics , 1(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.48313/iee.v1i1.45

Similar Articles

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.